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You are here: Home / Archives for efficiency

efficiency

The New York Climate Plan

July 24, 2019 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

New York lawmakers have passed a sweeping climate plan that requires the state to eliminate almost all of its greenhouse gas emissions by 2050.  The plan calls for the phase-out of gasoline cars and oil- and gas-burning furnaces and requires all of the state’s electricity to come from carbon-free sources.

The Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act requires the state to slash its carbon emissions to 85% below 1990 levels by 2050 and to offset the remaining 15% by other means such as removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.  The bill requires New York to get 70% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2030.

The challenges of reaching the program’s goals are daunting.   New York has so far only reduced its emissions by 8% since 1990.  The state currently does get 60% of its electricity from carbon-free sources – mostly hydroelectric dams and nuclear power plants – but it will require offshore windfarms, ramped-up solar installations, and battery storage systems to push the numbers dramatically higher.

Transportation, which is responsible for a third of New York’s emissions, will be particularly tough to tackle.  The Trump administration is rolling back federal vehicle efficiency rules and is trying to prevent states from setting stricter standards.  Currently, electric car ownership is primarily attractive for single-family homeowners who can plug in their cars at home.  Far more pervasive charging stations – for example, all over the streets of New York City – would be needed to make electric cars practical for everyone.

The plan aims for industries to bear most of the financial burden, but supporters say that the costs of not acting on climate will be vastly greater for businesses.  The plan’s deadlines for major emissions reductions are a decade away but there will be much to do quite soon.

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New York to Approve One of the World’s Most Ambitious Climate Plans

Photo, posted September 17, 2009, courtesy of Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Another Way To Make Solar Cells

March 21, 2019 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

Millions of rooftops now contain solar panels and the majority of the solar cells that make up those panels today are made from silicon.  Silicon solar cells require expensive, multi-step processing conducted at very high temperatures in special clean room facilities.  Despite these complications, the price of solar panels has continued to drop dramatically over the years.

But even as the price of solar cells gets lower and lower, there are still widespread efforts to find even better ways to make them.   One of those ways is with perovskite solar cells.  Perovskites are materials with a characteristic crystal structure and are quite common in nature.  Perovskites can be formed with a wide range of elements and can exhibit a variety of properties.

They were first used to make solar cells about 10 years ago and those first cells were unimpressive in most respects.  However, there has been steady progress since that time.  The potential advantages of perovskite solar cells are that they can be made from low-cost materials and can be manufactured using liquid chemistry, a far cheaper process than what is used to make silicon cells.

Researchers at MIT and several other institutions have recently published the results of research on how to tailor the composition of perovskite solar cells to optimize their properties.   What used to be a trial-and-error process can now become much more engineered and should lead to perovskite solar cells with performance that could exceed that of silicon cells.

Silicon solar panels are a huge, worldwide industry and displacing them in favor of an alternative technology is a tall order.  But if perovskite cells can be optimized for large-scale manufacturability, efficiency and durability, they could definitely give silicon a run for its money.

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Unleashing perovskites’ potential for solar cells

Photo courtesy of Ken Richardson/MIT.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

A New Way to Make Hydrogen

January 31, 2019 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

Many people consider hydrogen to be the fuel of the future, both for powering vehicles and for storing energy generated by renewable sources.   Hydrogen itself is a clean and green fuel.  Generating energy from it using fuel cells results in only water as a byproduct.

The biggest problem with hydrogen is that the most economical way to produce it and therefore the way most hydrogen is produced today, is by reforming natural gas, which is a process that generates carbon emissions.

The desirable way to make hydrogen is to produce it by breaking apart water into its hydrogen and oxygen components, a process known as electrolysis.   There are many ways to do it, but none of them to date measures up in terms of efficiency, cost, and longevity.

Researchers at the University of Toronto have recently developed a new catalyst that uses abundant, low-cost elements to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.  The catalyst is made from copper, nickel, and chromium, all of which are more abundant and less costly than platinum, which is the usual electrolysis catalyst.

The new catalyst performs well under pH-neutral conditions, which means it could even work on seawater without incurring the expense of desalination.  The Toronto researchers also believe their catalyst could be used as part of a process to make hydrocarbon fuels from hydrogen and CO22.  Their group is among the five finalists in the Carbon XPrize competition, which has a grand prize of $7.5 million for finding a way to convert waste CO2 into fuel.

Finding a low-cost, energy-efficient, and reliable way to make hydrogen out of water will be a big deal if it can be done on an industrial scale.

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U of T researchers discover low-cost way to produce hydrogen from water

Photo, posted July 23, 2015, courtesy of Magnus Johansson via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

A Breakthrough In Animal Identification

December 25, 2018 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

Researchers from the University of Wyoming have developed a computer model that can identify wild animals in camera-trap photographs with remarkable accuracy and efficiency.

This breakthrough in artificial intelligence (AI), detailed in a paper recently published in the scientific journal Methods in Ecology and Evolution, represents a significant advancement in the study and conservation of wildlife. According to the paper’s authors, “the ability to rapidly identify millions of images from camera traps can fundamentally change the way ecologists design and implement wildlife studies.”

This study builds on previous research from the university in which a computer model analyzed 3.2 million images captured by camera traps in Africa.  The A-I technique called deep learning categorized animal images at a 96.6% accuracy rate.  This was the same accuracy rate as teams of human volunteers achieved, but the computer model worked at a much more rapid pace. 

In the latest study, UW researchers trained a deep neural network on a powerful computer cluster to classify wildlife species using 3.37 million camera-trap images of 27 different animal species.  The model was tested on nearly 375,000 images at a rate of about 2,000 images per minute. It achieved a 97.6% accuracy rate, which is likely the highest accuracy to date in using machine learning for wildlife image classification. 

Artificial intelligence has been used in environmental science in other ways as well. For example, AI has been used to increase agricultural yields in farm fields and to help predict extreme weather. 

Maybe artificial intelligence can prove to be a game changer for the environment.   


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Researchers Successfully Train Computers to Identify Animals in Photos

Photo, posted January 8, 2012, courtesy of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service via Flickr. 

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Accelerating Sugarcane Growth

September 21, 2018 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

https://earthwiseradio.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/EW-09-21-18-Accelerating-Sugarcane-Growth.mp3

Brazil is the world’s second largest producer of ethanol fuel behind the United States.  More than that, it has the first sustainable biofuel economy, which is based on sugarcane ethanol, not corn ethanol.  It is sustainable because of Brazil’s advanced agri-industrial technology and its enormous amount of arable land.   Furthermore, producing sugarcane ethanol is far more energy-efficient than corn ethanol. It actually makes energy sense to produce it.

[Read more…] about Accelerating Sugarcane Growth

Bacteria-Powered Solar Cell

August 29, 2018 By EarthWise 1 Comment

https://earthwiseradio.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/EW-08-29-18-Bacteria-Powered-Solar-Cell.mp3

Commercially-available solar panels are composed of solar cells that are most often made from various forms of silicon.  Some panels use thin-film cells made from other semiconductor materials.  Solar cells utilize a property of semiconductors that allows them to convert light energy into electrical energy.

[Read more…] about Bacteria-Powered Solar Cell

Feeding Seaweed To Cows

August 16, 2018 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

https://earthwiseradio.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/EW-08-16-18-Feeding-Seaweed-to-Cows.mp3

Methane emissions are a real problem.  As a greenhouse gas, methane has at least 25 times the heat-trapping power of carbon dioxide.  More than a third of all the methane that humans are responsible for putting into the atmosphere comes from domestic livestock:  cattle, sheep, goats and buffalo.  In California alone, dairy cows along with a smaller number of beef cattle emit the heat trapping equivalent of the emissions from 2.5 million cars.

[Read more…] about Feeding Seaweed To Cows

Using Less Water

July 26, 2018 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

https://earthwiseradio.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/EW-07-26-18-Using-Less-Water.mp3

In recent times, there has been a downward trend in water use in the United States.  It has been driven by increasingly efficient use of critical water resources in the face of persistent droughts in various parts of the country and awareness of the importance of conserving this resource.

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Fresh Water From Power Plants

July 24, 2018 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

https://earthwiseradio.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/EW-07-24-18-Fresh-Water-from-Power-Plants.mp3

A new system developed by MIT engineers could provide a low-cost source of drinking water and simultaneously reduce power plant operating costs.

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The Fight For Greener Cars

June 28, 2018 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

https://earthwiseradio.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/EW-06-28-18-The-Fight-for-Greener-Cars.mp3

U.S. automakers have always been reluctant partners in the nation’s efforts to reduce air pollution and improve fuel efficiency. There have been struggles for decades between the carmakers and the government in setting Corporate Average Fuel Economy (or CAFÉ) standards.  During the Obama administration, some of the most demanding fuel economy and emissions standards were mandated.

[Read more…] about The Fight For Greener Cars

New Energy Goals For New York

June 1, 2018 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

https://earthwiseradio.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/EW-06-01-18-New-NY-Energy-Goals.mp3

Since 2015, New York has had in place an energy plan aimed at building a clean, resilient and cost-effective energy system for the state.  A key part of that plan is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40% from 1990 levels by the year 2030.  Another major goal is to have 50% of the state’s electricity produced from renewable sources by the same year.

[Read more…] about New Energy Goals For New York

Water From Desert Air

May 7, 2018 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

https://earthwiseradio.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/EW-05-07-18-Water-from-Desert-Air.mp3

Last spring, we talked about a solar-powered water harvester designed to pull water out of even dry desert air.   The prototype device was described in a paper by scientists at UC Berkeley and MIT in the journal Science.

[Read more…] about Water From Desert Air

Green Tech In 2018

January 25, 2018 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

https://earthwiseradio.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/EW-01-25-18-Green-Tech-in-2018.mp3

Clean power gathered unprecedented momentum in 2017.  With climate problems on the rise, national and local governments are pushing for more renewable energy and the end of fossil-fueled cars.  Corporations around the globe are making major commitments to green technology.  Despite the Trump Administration’s open hostility toward clean power and its rejection of climate science, American states, municipalities and private companies are all getting with the program.

[Read more…] about Green Tech In 2018

Transparent Solar Panels

December 6, 2017 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

https://earthwiseradio.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/EW-12-06-17-Transparent-Solar-Panels.mp3

 It is now commonplace to see solar panels on the rooftops of homes and businesses.  There are more than a million solar homes in the US alone.  But a new generation of see-through solar technology has the potential to also turn the windows of buildings and cars, as well as other glass-coated objects, into electricity generators.

[Read more…] about Transparent Solar Panels

The Perils Of Air Conditioning

September 12, 2017 By EarthWise

https://earthwiseradio.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/EW-09-12-17-The-Perils-of-AC.mp3

The battle to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is heavily focused on replacing fossil fuel power plants with renewable energy and replacing internal combustion engine autos with electric cars.  But there is another elephant in the room:  air conditioners.

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A Faster Car Battery

September 11, 2017 By EarthWise

https://earthwiseradio.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/EW-09-11-17-A-Faster-Car-Battery.mp3

There is more and more interest in electric cars and, based on the half million advance orders for the Tesla Model 3, more and more of us plan to be driving them.  For many of us, the technology is already good enough to meet most if not all of our motoring needs.

[Read more…] about A Faster Car Battery

Air Pollution And Solar Power

July 28, 2017 By EarthWise

https://earthwiseradio.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/EW-07-28-17-Air-Pollution-and-Solar-Power.mp3

We are well-aware of the negative effects of air pollution on human health and on the environment, but a recent study at Duke University has revealed that global solar energy production is taking a major hit due to air pollution and dust.

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A New Record For Solar Hydrogen Production

May 29, 2017 By EarthWise

https://earthwiseradio.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/EW-05-29-17-A-New-Record-for-Solar-Hydrogen-Production.mp3

Renewable energy may be under attack by the federal government these days, but one federal agency is making great progress on using the sun’s energy to split hydrogen from water.   The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, located in Golden, Colorado, recently highlighted two initiatives aimed at the production of renewable hydrogen.

[Read more…] about A New Record For Solar Hydrogen Production

Spray-On Solar Cells

May 15, 2017 By EarthWise

https://earthwiseradio.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/EW-05-15-17-Spray-On-Solar-Cells.mp3

One of the most exciting possibilities for future solar energy technology is that of solar cells that can be sprayed or printed on to surfaces like the windows of skyscrapers, the roofs of sports utility vehicles, or the walls of houses.  And the expectation is that such technology would be far cheaper than today’s silicon-based solar panels.

[Read more…] about Spray-On Solar Cells

Hydrogen On Demand

April 28, 2017 By EarthWise

https://earthwiseradio.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/EW-04-28-17-Hydrogen-on-Demand.mp3

Researchers at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology have developed a new method for producing hydrogen from water using solar energy.  If successfully developed, their approach would make it possible to produce hydrogen in a centralized manner at the point of sale such as at a fueling station for hydrogen-powered cars.

[Read more…] about Hydrogen On Demand

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