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Fuel From Wind And Water | Earth Wise

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Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe and it can be used as a fuel to run cars, trains, and even airplanes.  Using it produces no harmful emissions.  However, to date, the way it is economically produced is not clean and green.  It is made from natural gas and leaves behind lots of carbon dioxide.

Around the world there are many projects working on so-called green hydrogen.  Producing hydrogen by splitting water into its component elements is called electrolysis and produces only oxygen as a waste product.  The problem with electrolysis is that it takes prodigious amounts of energy and therefore is very expensive.

A new project taking place in north Texas hopes to create the country’s first large-scale producer of green hydrogen.  The project is building a 900-megawatt wind farm along with a 500-megawatt solar farm.  The 1.4 gigawatts of total production capacity is more energy than the city of Austin consumes.  That energy will be used to produce 200,000 kilograms of hydrogen a day.

This project is among the largest proposed green hydrogen projects in the U.S.   There are green hydrogen proposals in Europe, Australia, Africa, and the Middle East that range from 10 GW to 67 GW. 

The Texas project, being developed in partnership by Air Products and AES, has been enabled by government support from the Inflation Reduction Act.    

There are a few thousand hydrogen-powered cars, boats, and trains but without substantial, cost-effective hydrogen infrastructure, the market is very limited.   Subsidizing the development of the necessary infrastructure is essential if there is any real chance to create the long-imagined hydrogen economy.

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Texas Project Will Use Wind to Make Fuel Out of Water

Photo, posted June 5, 2005, courtesy of City Transport Info via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio

A Hot Year With Record GHG Levels | Earth Wise

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Last year was a year that saw rising temperatures and rising levels of greenhouse gases.  2021 was the fifth-hottest year on record.  The average global temperature was nearly 1.2 degrees Celsius or 2.1 Fahrenheit degrees higher than the preindustrial average.  The past seven years were the hottest ever by a significant margin.

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reached 414 parts per million, compared with preindustrial levels of 280 parts per million.  Concentrations of methane reached 1876 parts per billion, the highest levels ever recorded. 

Apart from these global measurements, local and regional weather saw the effects of the heating planet.  Extreme temperatures were common with the hottest summer in Europe, heatwaves in the Mediterranean, and unprecedented high temperatures in North America.

The West Coast of the US, northeast Canada, Greenland, and parts of north Africa and the Middle East all experienced the highest above-average temperatures.  However, some places, including Australia, Antarctica, Siberia, and much of the Pacific Ocean often saw below-average temperatures, even though the same places occasionally experienced record high temperatures.

The Covid-19 pandemic and its economic disruptions continued to lead to some reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, but in the US, emissions from energy use and industry nonetheless grew 6.2% in 2021 after falling more than 10% in 2020.

Carbon dioxide and methane concentrations are continuing to increase each year and don’t appear to be slowing down.  As long as this situation persists, global temperatures will continue to rise, and extreme and erratic weather will be more and more commonplace.

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2021 Rated One of the Hottest Years Ever as CO2 Levels Hit Record High

Photo, posted November 11, 2011, courtesy of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Banning Gas Cars | Earth Wise

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The transition to electric vehicles from gas-powered vehicles is essential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions as well as air pollution in general.  Currently, transportation is responsible for 30% of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States.

There is no doubt that there is surging interest in electric cars.  There are now millions of them being sold around the world each year.  But they still represent a small fraction of new car sales in most places.  Notable exceptions are several European countries such as Norway and Switzerland where plug-in vehicles are dominant.  In the United States, on the other hand, EVs still represent less than 3% of new car sales.

Given the urgency in reducing vehicle emissions, many countries around the world have devised plans, goals, or laws to end the sale of gasoline cars.  Gas car bans vary quite a bit around the world, but they are being implemented in many places.

There are 28 countries and US states that have imposed gas car bans to take effect over the next five to 20 years.  These include European countries like Norway, Belgium, Austria, Netherlands, Denmark, Iceland, Ireland, Sweden, Scotland, Slovenia, the UK, France, and Spain.  Asian countries include South Korea, India, Japan, China, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Taiwan.  In the Middle East, Israel and Egypt have announced bans.  Here in the US, New York and California both have bans starting in 2035.  Canada also has announced a ban.

Car manufacturers have seen the writing on the wall.  Most have started adding EVs to their lineups.  Many have announced their own timetables for phasing out gas cars entirely.  There are more than 15 new electric models available this year and there are many more to follow next year.

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Over 25 Countries And U.S. States Are Planning to Ban Gasoline Powered Cars

Photo, posted January 24, 2009, courtesy of Oran Viriyincy via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

The Silent Killer | Earth Wise

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Air pollution is deadly.  Studies have found that particles from air pollution can enter our lungs and bloodstream, contributing to major health conditions including heart disease, stroke, cancer, and kidney disease.  Globally, air pollution is responsible for the premature deaths of millions of people every year. 

The first line of defense against air pollution is ambient air quality standards.  But according to researchers from McGill University, more than half of the world’s population lives without the protection of adequate air quality standards.

The research team focused on a specific type of air pollution called particulate matter 2.5 (more commonly called PM2.5).  PM2.5 refers to tiny particles or droplets in the air that are two and one half microns or less in width.  These tiny particles are responsible for an estimated 4.2 million premature deaths every year globally, including more than one million deaths in China, nearly 200,000 in Europe, and more than 50,000 in the United States.

In the study, which was recently published in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, the researchers found that where there are air quality protections, the standards are often worse than what the WHO considers safe.  Some regions with high air pollution levels, like the Middle East, don’t even measure PM2.5 air pollution.  The researchers found that the weakest air quality standards are often violated, while the strictest standards are often met. 

More than half of the world’s population is in urgent need of adequate air quality standards.   

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Air pollution: The silent killer called PM 2.5

Photo, posted November 17, 2019, courtesy of Kristoffer Trolle via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Dust And Himalayan Glaciers | Earth Wise

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Glaciers in the Himalayas have been melting and retreating, as have glaciers around the world.  As is the case elsewhere, human-driven climate change is a major factor.  But at the lofty heights of the Himalayas, warming temperatures are not the biggest culprit.  Black carbon – released into the air by burning fossil fuels or biomass such as plants, trees, and shrubs – darkens the snow and causes it to absorb more of the sun’s heat.  A recent study by an international team of scientist has identified another important factor:  dust.

An estimated 5 billion tons of desert dust enters the Earth’s atmosphere every year.  Dust from places like Saudi Arabia gets picked up by spring winds and gets deposited on the western sides of mountains, where it can make the air 10 times more polluted than most European cities.  Dust blows across industrial and desert areas in the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East and lands in the Himalayas.  According to the new study, this dust is often the dominant cause of snow melt in those areas.

Desert dust causes snow melt in the same way that black carbon does.   Dirty snow absorbs sunlight more easily than clean snow.

Desert dust is a natural part of Earth’s systems, but the amount of it in the atmosphere has steadily increased since the Industrial Revolution, when humans greatly expanded into desert areas and broke through surface crust that held large amounts of dust in place.

There is not much we can do about desert dust, short of eliminating deserts.  But the disappearance of the Himalayan ice pack – which sustains over a billion people – can be mitigated by reducing greenhouse gas emissions to address climate change .

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Himalayan glaciers melting because of high-altitude dust

Photo, posted March 13, 2018, courtesy of Sarunas Burdulis via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

The Hot Year Continues | Earth Wise

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The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s monthly global climate report for October reports yet another month of high temperatures.  October 2020 was the fourth-hottest October on record, continuing the pace for the year to be the second hottest on record.

The 10 warmest Octobers have occurred since 2005 and the seven warmest have all occurred in the last seven years.  Europe had its warmest October ever, surpassing the previous record set in 2001.

For the year to date, the global temperature was a full degree Celsius (or 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) above the 20th century average.  This was just 0.03 Celsius degrees lower than the record set in 2016.   Europe and Asia have had their warmest year-to-date period on record.

Other notable observations in the report included that Arctic sea ice coverage was almost 37% below the 1981-2010 average and was the smallest October coverage on record.  The previous record was set last year.

Heat records were set around the world including parts of the northern and western Pacific Ocean, southern North America, South America, eastern Europe, the northern Middle East, the eastern Mediterranean Sea, southern Asia, and in small areas across the Indian and Atlantic Oceans.

Despite the record global temperatures, the Northern Hemisphere’s snow coverage in October was the 10th largest over the past 53 years.  The snow coverage in North America was the largest on record for October.

Adding in the extremely active hurricane season, with 12 hurricanes and 29 tropical depressions, weather around the world continues to be anything but typical.

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Remarkably warm October fuels march toward 2nd-hottest year

Photo, posted February 8, 2016, courtesy of Jasmin Toubi via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Tracking Locust Swarms | Earth Wise

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Plagues of locusts have been reported since the times of the Egyptian pharaohs.  In recent history, there have been desert locust plagues during multiple decades of the 20th century.  Since January, a very large population of locusts gathered in Kenya and has destroyed over 2,000 square miles of pasture and crop land.  Swarms have since reached portions of Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda, and South Sudan.  Apart from East Africa, there are locust swarms in Yemen and other Middle East countries and in Pakistan as well.  The current situation continues to represent an unprecedented threat to food security and livelihoods in East Africa.  Locust swarms can range in size from less than half a square mile to hundreds of square miles, each containing 20 to 40 million locusts.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration uses a powerful air quality model to track the movement and deposition of pollution from wildfires, volcanoes and industrial accidents.  Called the HYSPLIT dispersion model, it has now been refined for the purpose of tracking swarms of locusts.

Because desert locusts are passive fliers that drift with the wind, the model’s high-quality data on wind speed and direction can lead to accurate predictions of where the locusts will go and when.

NOAA is working with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization – the FAO.  The new web application based on HYSPLIT is being used by the FAO to issue forecasts and warnings to affected countries about forthcoming waves of locust swarms.  Such forecasts enable local officials to conduct aerial spraying to reduce the impact of desert locusts which can destroy grains, grasses and other greens that are life-sustaining foods for entire regions.

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NOAA teams with United Nations to create locust-tracking application

Photo, posted November 20, 2004, courtesy of Niv Singer via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Reducing Emissions From Natural Gas Processing

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Qatar, a small country in the Middle East with a population of about 2.5 million has the highest per capita income of any country in the world.  This is largely a result of being one of the world’s top producers of natural gas.  The upshot of that is that the tiny country has the dubious honor of being the world’s leading emitter of CO2 per capita.

Texas A&M University has a campus in Qatar and researchers there in collaboration with colleagues at the main campus in College Station, Texas have developed a new reactor technology that can help Qatar process its wealth of natural gas while reducing the country’s carbon footprint.

The technology processes natural gas and captured CO2 to produce both syngas – which is a valuable precursor for many products – and high-quality carbon nanotubes, all without releasing CO2 into the atmosphere.

Natural gas reforming is a process by which syngas – a feedstock for liquid hydrocarbons and ultraclean fuels- is produced.  The process requires lots of heat and emits CO2.  The new technology adds a novel CARGEN (or CARbon GENerator) reactor that advances the natural gas reforming process and includes a catalyst that captures the CO2 emissions and produces nanotubes.  The reactor can be driven by either electric or solar power, eliminating the need to burn fuel that ordinarily results in more carbon emissions.

The result is that Qatar’s CO2 emissions would be converted into two products that are important to its economy.  In particular, carbon nanotubes are very expensive and extremely versatile, and can be used to manufacture products such as computers and other high-quality materials.

The next step for the researchers is to partner with industry collaborators to further scale up the technology.

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Qatar Researchers Develop Natural Gas Processing Technology That Could Reduce Qatar’s Carbon Footprint

Photo, posted September 30, 2012, courtesy of Jimmy Baikovicius via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Off-The-Charts Heat

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There have been some blistering heatwaves this summer – in Europe, in the Middle East, and here in the United States.  A new report by the Union of Concerned Scientists projects that within the next 20 years, millions of people in the United States could be exposed to dangerous “off-the-charts” heat index conditions of 127 degrees Fahrenheit or more.  Within 60 years, over one-third of the population could be exposed to such conditions.

Extreme heat kills hundreds of people every year across the U.S.  Our bodies’ natural cooling process is affected by humidity and the combined heat index measures the impact of high temperature and high humidity.  When the combined heat index reaches 90 degrees, it is considered to be a “dangerous day”, when many groups of people are at serious risk.

Because of the warming climate, the number of dangerous days has been increasing in many parts of the country.  Unless there is success in limiting the effects of climate change, by 2050, even relatively temperate cities like Detroit, Minneapolis, New York, and Chicago will have 50 or more dangerous days a year.  Places like Dallas, Houston, Phoenix and Miami will experience dangerous days for half of the year.

The National Weather Service’s heat index goes up to 127 degrees Fahrenheit.  But in as soon as 20 years, the Southeast, Southern Great Plains, and Midwest will begin to experience days that are so hot that they are “off the charts.”

These extreme conditions could still be avoided with steep, rapid carbon emission reductions.  But however successful we are going forward, the US will still be significantly warmer than today with 85 urban areas exposed to 30 or more days with a heat index above 105 degrees, compared with just three urban areas historically.

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‘Off-the-charts’ heat to affect millions in U.S. in coming decades

Photo, posted August 8, 2008, courtesy of Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Fresh Water Under The Sea

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A new survey of the sub-seafloor off the U.S. Northeast coast has revealed the existence of a gigantic aquifer of relatively fresh water trapped in porous sediments lying beneath the salty ocean.  This appears to be the largest such formation ever found.

The newly-discovered aquifer stretches from the shore at least from Massachusetts to New Jersey and extends more-or-less continuously out about 50 miles to the edge of the continental shelf.   The deposits begin at around 600 feet below the ocean floor and bottom out at about 1,200 feet.  If all that water was found on the surface, it could create a lake some 15,000 miles in area.  The researchers estimate that the region holds at least 670 cubic miles of fresh water.

Researchers made use of innovative measurements of electromagnetic waves to map the water, which had not been detected by other technologies.   It was already known that fresh water existed in places under the sea bottom as a result of oil drilling as far back as the 1970s.  But there was previously no hint of the extent of the undersea aquifer. 

The water probably was trapped by sediments deposited during the last ice age when sea levels were much lower.  But modern subterranean runoff from land sources might also be a contributor.

If water from the aquifer was to be withdrawn, it would still have to be desalinated for most uses, but the cost would be much less than processing ordinary seawater.  There is probably no need to do this in the Northeastern US, but the discovery suggests that such aquifers probably lie off many other coasts worldwide and could provide desperately needed water in places like southern California, Australia, the Mideast or Saharan Africa.

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Scientists Map Huge Undersea Fresh-Water Aquifer Off U.S. Northeast

Photo, courtesy of August 1, 2015, courtesy of Michael Vadon via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

A Giant Solar Farm In Dubai

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Like many places in the Middle East, Dubai made its fortune from oil.  But the Emirate’s oil resources are limited, and its economy has evolved in other directions.  Today, oil provides less than 5% of Dubai’s revenues; its economy relies on revenues from trade, tourism, aviation, real estate, and financial services.

Dubai is also away from fossil fuels to meet its energy needs. A monumental construction project is underway deep within Dubai’s desert interior which will be the largest solar energy facility in the world.

The Mohammed Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park – named after Dubai’s ruler – has been under development for 7 years.  Total investment in the project will be nearly $14 billion when it is completed in 2030.  It will have a total capacity of 5,000 megawatts, enough to power 1.3 million homes.  Only some large hydroelectric power plants, the largest nuclear power plants, and a couple of Asian coal plants have more generating capacity.

Phases one and two of the project are already complete and feature more than 2 million solar panels.  Phase three – well along the way in construction – will add another 3 million solar panels and should be completed next year.

Phase four will not involve solar panels but instead will make use of the world’s tallest concentrated solar power tower.  It will use mirrors to focus sunlight at the top of the tower to heat up molten salt that will power steam turbines to generate electricity and will be able to operate long after the sun goes down.

Currently, the Tengger Desert Solar Park in China is the largest photovoltaic park in the world, but a colossal farm in India will take its place in a few years.  Big solar is getting bigger all the time.

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$13.6B record-breaking solar park rises from Dubai desert

Photo, posted December 15, 2018, courtesy of Anoop S. via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Utility-Scale Solar On The Rise

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According to research from Goldman Sachs, utility-scale solar power capacity is expected to grow by double digits globally over the next two years.  The growth will be driven by expanding use of the technology in the United States, Europe, the Middle East, and China.

Solar power is the world’s fastest growing source of electricity generation and is slowly taking market share from fossil fuels like coal and natural gas.  The transition is being driven by a combination of continuously lower prices for solar power and the impact of policies aimed at reducing emissions.

Utility-scale solar is defined as installations designed solely to feed electricity into the grid, in contrast to smaller-scale residential or commercial building units.  There are now solar farms larger than half a gigawatt in generating capacity.  According to the Goldman report, global utility-scale solar installations will reach 108 gigawatts in 2019, up 12% over the previous year, and will then grow another 10% to 119 gigawatts in 2020.

When residential and other smaller installations are included, most analysts expect global solar power capacity to soon hit 600 gigawatts.  To put this in perspective, the global capacity only reached 100 gigawatts in 2012 and was actually less than 10 gigawatts in 2007.

Even more dramatic than the growth of solar installations is the reduction in solar cost, and the two are obviously closely related.  Solar panel costs have dropped from around $70 per watt of electricity generated in 1980 to 36 cents per watt currently in the United States.  When favorable policies both from governments and related to corporate sustainability targets are added to the mix, the booming growth in solar power is easy to understand.

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Large-scale solar power set for double-digit growth: Goldman Sachs

Photo, posted March 7, 2019, courtesy of Hedgerow Inc via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Drugs In The Water

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According to a new study published in the journal Environmental Research Letters, concentrations of pharmaceuticals in rivers and lakes have dramatically increased across the globe over the past 20 years.

Traces of medicines get passed into waterways through the excretion of active drugs in human waste, the disposal of unused medicines down drains, and runoff from livestock farms.

The study looked in detail at two specific drugs:   carbamazepine, an anti-epileptic drug, and ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic.   The study found that the risk of ecological damage from the residue from these two drugs was 10 to 20 times higher in 2015 than in 1995.

Chronic exposure to carbamazepine, for example, has been shown to alter feeding behavior and reduce egg viability in zebrafish, as well as reduce reproductive success in crustaceans.  Antibiotics can alter major nutrient cycles and decrease the effectiveness of bacteria-based wastewater treatment systems.

The study, led by researchers from the Netherlands, created a new model estimating concentrations of the two drugs over a 20-year period in 449 aquatic systems around the globe.  The model predicts a relatively high environmental risk in densely populated and dry areas such as the Middle East. 

When the researchers compared the model’s results to samples from four river systems in various locations, they found that the actual drug concentrations were even higher than model results, in some cases by a factor of 10 to 100. 

The new model should act as a guide for a more thorough investigation into pharmaceutical residues in waterways, which pose significant environmental risks all over the world.

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Concentrations of Pharmaceuticals in Freshwater Increasingly Globally

Photo, posted March 22, 2012, courtesy of Rajeev Rajagopalan via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Heat-Resistant Corals

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All over the world, coral reefs are being wiped out by rising sea temperatures brought about by climate change.  When sea temperatures get too high, the symbiotic relationship between coral polyps and microscopic algae living within the coral breaks down and the coral either digests or expels the algae.   The result is coral bleaching which weakens, and if it persists, kills the coral.

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Bursting The Carbon Bubble

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One way or another, the fossil fuel industry seems to be destined to shrink away.  A combination of technological advances and climate policies are going to drastically reduce the global demand for fossil fuels over the course of time.   New research shows that the demise of the fossil fuel industry will have profound consequences.

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Clean Power Is Cheap Power

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There are many good reasons why we should be making the transition from fossil fuel energy sources but the one that is likely to be the most persuasive is strictly economic.  It has long been said that the renewable energy future will truly arrive when installing new solar panels is cheaper than a comparable investment in coal, natural gas, or other options.

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A Water Superpower

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In 2008, Israel was on the verge of catastrophe.  A decade-long drought in the Fertile Crescent of the Middle East was scorching the area.  Israel’s largest source of fresh water, the Sea of Galilee, had dropped to within inches of the so-called black line at which point irreversible salt infiltration would flood the lake and ruin it forever.

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Saving The Sea From Salt

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The Persian Gulf along with the Red and Mediterranean seas are getting saltier all the time because of the waste products of desalination.   The United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and Oman account for 45% of the world’s desalination capacity.  And the byproduct of desalination is brine, which is twice as salty as seawater.   Even advanced desalination plants produce two cubic meters of waste brine for every one cubic meter of clean water.

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