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Elephants And Global Warming | Earth Wise

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A study by researchers at Saint Louis University has found that elephants play a key role in creating forests that store large amounts of atmospheric carbon and in maintaining the biodiversity of forests in Africa.  Since elephants are endangered, their status represents a significant threat to an ecosystem that is very important to the Earth’s climate.

The African rainforest contains trees with both low carbon density (light wood) and high carbon density (heavy wood).  High carbon density trees grow more slowly and can be crowded out by the faster growing low carbon density trees rising above them.  Elephants affect the relative abundance of these trees by feeding more on the low carbon density trees which are more palatable and nutritious.  This thinning of the forest allows the trees that sequester the most carbon to flourish.

Elephants are also excellent dispersers of the seeds of high carbon density trees.  Essentially, elephants are the gardeners of the forest.  They plant the forest with high carbon density trees and get rid of the weeds – in this case, the low carbon density trees.  According to the study, if elephants were to become extinct, the African rainforest – the second largest on earth – would gradually lose between six and nine percent of its ability to capture atmospheric carbon.

Elephants have been hunted by humans for millennia.   Gaining support for protecting them has mostly been driven by the argument that everybody loves elephants.  Focusing on their role in maintaining forest diversity has not driven much more action.  The hope is that the evidence of how important elephants are for climate mitigation will be taken seriously by policy makers to generate the support needed for improved elephant conservation.

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Can Elephants Save the Planet?

Photo, posted March 15, 2008, courtesy of Michelle Gadd/USFWS via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio

Saving The Sumatran Rhino | Earth Wise

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The Sumatran rhinoceros is the smallest and most ancient rhino species and is the only surviving species with hair.  It is critically endangered.  Because of poaching and habitat destruction, there are fewer than 50 of them left in the wild and those are scattered in the rainforests of Sumatra and the Indonesian part of Borneo.  Mating encounters between surviving males and females are increasingly rare.

The last male Sumatran rhino in Malaysia died in 2019 but cell samples from that individual are the basis of an ambitious effort in bioengineering.

Researchers from the Max Delbruck Center in Germany are taking skin cells from the deceased rhino and turning them into stem cells.  The hope is to use these stem cells to derive egg and sperm cells to be the basis of assisted reproduction.  Fertilization would take place in a petri dish.  The resultant embryos would then be carried to term by surrogate rhino mothers.

The researchers have reported success generating induced pluripotent stem cells or IPS cells from the rhino skin samples.  IPS cells are able to divide indefinitely and can transform into any cell type in the body.

The next step is to try to cultivate primordial germ cells – the precursors of eggs and sperm.

This work is going on because it is increasingly difficult to preserve the Sumatran rhino population by gathering together remaining individuals in wildlife Reserves.  Females that have not been pregnant for a long time often become infertile because of cyst growth on their reproductive organs, and some are just too old to bear young.

It may take extraordinary efforts like these to save these animals from extinction.

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A second chance for the Sumatran rhino

Photo, posted April 30, 2008, courtesy of Willem V. Strien via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio

Pacific Bluefin Tuna On The Rebound | Earth Wise

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The Pacific Bluefin Tuna is a commercially valuable species that is especially prized in Japan.  The fish is particularly valued for sashimi and sushi and large specimens have been known to fetch enormous prices at seafood auctions.

Aggressive fishing reduced the bluefin biomass through the late 1990s and 2000s to only a few percent of its potential unfished levels.  Beginning in 2011, The Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission began management measures that reduced the catch of smaller bluefin as well as limited the catch of larger bluefin.  The goal was to allow more fish to grow to maturity.  The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission adopted similar resolutions a year later.  Despite these efforts, increasing concern about declining bluefin levels led to a petition to list the species as endangered.  The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Fisheries organization determined that while the population was near historical lows, the remaining 1.6 million fish was a sufficient number to avoid the risk of extinction and that the measures in place were sufficient.

A new assessment of the bluefin population has shown that the species is now increasing and includes many younger fish that will help accelerate its rebound.  The assessment by NOAA showed that the bluefin stock was greater than the first rebuilding target set for 2019. 

According to the NOAA Fisheries biologists that performed the assessment, the species has responded exactly as predicted given the actions that were taken.  The bluefin tuna is an amazingly resilient fish and it is continuing to demonstrate that fact.

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International Actions Pay Off For Pacific Bluefin Tuna as Species Rebounds at Accelerating Rate

Photo, posted June 1, 2022, courtesy of Philippe Yuan via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio

Shipping And The Endangered Whale Shark | Earth Wise

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Whale sharks are the largest fish in the world.  While they measure up to 60 feet long and weigh up to 15 tons – larger and heavier than a school bus – whale sharks are actually harmless.  They are a graceful, slow-moving, filter-feeding carpet shark.  They are found in marine environments around the world and play an important role in the marine food web and healthy ocean ecosystems.

Whale sharks are an endangered species.  According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, growing human pressures are putting whale sharks at an increased risk of extinction.  The numbers of these gentle giants have declined by more than 50% over the last 75 years despite many international protections.  Fishing bycatch, poaching, and collisions with ships are the main drivers of the population decline. 

According to new research from marine biologists from the Marine Biological Association and the University of Southampton in the U.K., lethal collisions between whale sharks and large ships are vastly underestimated, and could be the reason why populations are continuing to fall.  Whale sharks spend a large amount of time in surface waters in coastal regions, and the research team theorized that collisions with ships could be causing significant whale shark deaths. 

In the study, researchers tracked the global movements of both ships and whale sharks, and then mapped so-called hotspots where their movements overlapped.  The research team found that more than 90% of whale shark movements fell under the footprint of shipping activity.

While many conservation measures have been taken to protect whale sharks, no international regulations currently exist to protect them from ship collisions.  The researchers say it’s time for that to change. 

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Shipping poses significant threat to the endangered whale shark

Whale sharks (Rhincodon typus)

Global collision-risk hotspots of marine traffic and the world’s largest fish

Photo, posted July 8, 2010, courtesy of Marcel Ekker via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

More Bleaching In The Great Barrier Reef | Earth Wise

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Australia’s Great Barrier Reef is an ecosystem that can be seen from space.  It has now suffered its 6th mass coral bleaching event since 1998.  Previous events happened in 1998, 2002, 2006, 2016, and 2017.  This latest bleaching has occurred even though this is a La Niña year, when more rain and cooler temperatures are supposed to help protect delicate corals.

An aerial survey of 750 separate reefs across much of the 1500 mile-long Great Barrier Reef system found severe bleaching among 60% of the corals.  The bleaching covers an area even wider than the back-to-back outbreaks in 2016 and 2017.

The bleaching is a product of a summer in Australia that started early.  December temperatures were already warmer than the historical February summer maximums.  Globally, 2021 was the hottest year on record for the world’s oceans for the sixth year in a row.

Bleached coral can recover if temperatures cool down for a long enough period, but this is becoming increasingly rare.  Between 2009 and 2019, 14% of the world’s coral reefs were lost for good.

In Australia, the plight of the Great Barrier Reef has become politicized.  The current government is not supportive of efforts to reduce the country’s fossil fuel dependence and has worked to keep the reef from being placed on the list of endangered world heritage sites.  Instead of pushing for emissions cuts, Australia has focused on a variety of long-shot projects aimed at helping the reef.

The fact is that coral reefs cannot cope with the current rate of warming and unless that slows down soon, they will simply not survive for long.

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Photo, posted September 28, 2009, courtesy of Matt Kieffer via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Koalas Are Endangered | Earth Wise             

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The koala is one of the world’s most iconic animal species and is widely considered to be the symbol of Australia.   Koalas are not bears; they are marsupials. 

Being iconic symbols is not sufficient to prevent koalas from going extinct.  In the 1920s, hundreds of thousands of koalas were shot for the fur trade, greatly reducing their population.

More recently, drought, bush fires, disease, and habitat loss have drastically reduced the numbers of koalas.  Since 2018, there has been a 30% decline in koala populations across Australia.  It is difficult to get an accurate count of the animals because they don’t move around much, and they live high up in tree canopies where they are hard to spot.

 Estimates are that the koala population has dropped from between 45,000-82,000 in 2018 to between 32,000-58,000 in 2021.  The koala is now extinct in 47 Australian electorates and in many others, there are only handfuls of animals remaining.   The population decline was accelerated by devastating wildfires in late 2019 into early 2020.  Some estimates are that koalas could be extinct by 2050.  Conservation organizations around the world have been demanding greater protection for koalas for years.

Given this dire situation, the Australian government recently declared the koala an endangered species, reclassifying it from being a vulnerable species.  The government plans to adopt a recovery plan that will include new laws protecting koalas and their natural woodland environments.  The details of the plan remain to revealed.

According to the Australian Koala Foundation, however, the new status of the koala means very little in and of itself.  If the clearing of the koala habitat continues, the species has little chance of surviving in the wild.

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‘In rapid decline’: Australia has lost 30% of its koalas in just 3 years, foundation says

Australia Declares Koalas an Endangered Species

Photo, posted September 18, 2019, courtesy of Guido Konrad via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Lighted Nets Protect Marine Wildlife | Earth Wise

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Gillnets are walls or curtains of netting that hang in the water to trap fish.  They are one of the most extensively used fishing gear in coastal regions throughout the world’s oceans.  While they are very effective at catching targeted fish species, they are not discriminating.  As a result, they carry significant risk of bycatch – the accidental capture of unwanted species as well as other interactions with various marine animals.

Researchers from The Wildlife Conservation Society, NOAA Fisheries, Arizona State University, and the National Fisheries and Aquaculture Institute of Mexico have recently published a study showing that using lighted gillnets reduced overall bycatch by 63%, including a 95% reduction in sharks, skates, and rays, and an 81% reduction in Humboldt squid. 

Gillnets often catch endangered, threatened, and protected species such as sharks, sea turtles, marine mammals, and seabirds, as well as unwanted species and non-marketable juvenile target fish species.  The bycatch animals are often dead or injured and are generally dumped overboard.

Illuminating gillnets with LED lights has emerged over the past decade as an effective tool to reduce bycatch of endangered sea turtles.  The new study is the first detailed examination of the effectiveness of illumination for other vulnerable species.

Gillnets are ubiquitous because they are inexpensive and catch everything that passes them.  Global populations of sharks, skates, and rays have declined as a result of bycatch and illegal fishing. The results of this study are encouraging because they provide a practical solution for increasing the selectivity of gillnets and avoiding bycatch. 

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Lighted Nets Dramatically Reduce Bycatch of Sharks and Other Wildlife While Making Fishing More Efficient

Photo, posted September 19, 2015, courtesy of Jim Bahn via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Polar Bears And Melting Sea Ice | Earth Wise

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Climate change poses a major threat to polar bear survival.  The polar bear, whose native range lies largely within the Arctic Circle, depends on sea ice for nearly all of its lifecycle functions.  And rising temperatures are causing this sea ice to disappear.

Climate change-driven sea ice loss is the primary threat to the future of this iconic species.  In fact, polar bears were the first animal listed as endangered because of the forecasted impacts of climate change.   

Melting sea ice as a result of climate change continues to plague polar bear survival.  According to a new study by researchers from Washington State University, polar bears in the Beaufort Sea have had to travel far outside their traditional arctic hunting grounds in recent years for food.  This has contributed to an almost 30% decrease in their population. 

Researchers used satellite tracking data to analyze the movement patterns of female polar bears from 1986-2016 in the Beaufort Sea area north of Alaska.  Over the last two decades, they found that polar bears are having to travel farther north of their traditional hunting grounds on the continental shelf to remain on their receding sea ice habitat.

The research team also found that around 20% of the polar bear population in the Beaufort Sea is foregoing its traditional sea ice hunting grounds altogether in the summer and fall.  Instead, these bears are moving inland in search of food.  

Scientists estimate that 800 or so polar bears remain in the southern Beaufort Sea.  Curbing global greenhouse gas emissions in order to protect polar bear habitat may be the only way to help these animals survive. 

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Melting sea ice forces polar bears to travel farther for food

Photo, posted September 27, 2015, courtesy of Anita Ritenour via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Manatees And Pollution | Earth Wise

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Manatees are large, gentle, and curious marine mammals measuring up to 13 feet long and weighing up to 3,300 lbs.  There are three living species of manatees:  The Amazonian Manatee, the West African Manatee, and the West Indian Manatee, which is commonly found in Florida and the Gulf Coast.  Manatees inhabit the shallow, marshy coastal areas and rivers of the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic coast, the Amazon basin, and West Africa. 

The West Indian Manatee, which includes the Florida Manatee, is protected under the Endangered Species Act.  Today, the range-wide population is estimated to be at least 13,000 manatees, with more than 6,500 in the southeastern United States and Puerto Rico.

In Florida, an uptick in nutrient loading from nonpoint sources is triggering algal blooms in Indian River Lagoon and neighboring areas.  These algal blooms have decimated seagrass, manatees’ primary food source. 

As a result , manatees have starved to death by the hundreds along Florida’s east coast.  The state has recorded 974 manatee deaths in 2021, shattering previous annual all-time highs with still approximately two months to go.  Manatees, which need to eat between 100-200 pounds of seagrass daily, are now eating the seagrass roots, which permanently kills the aquatic plants.

Efforts are being made to replant seagrass and to restore clam and oyster beds so that the mollusks can help clean the water.  But manatees face a myriad of additional threats, including collisions with boats and ships, temperature changes, disease, and crocodile predation.

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Florida lawmakers hear Fish & Wildlife agency response to manatee death ‘catastrophe’

West Indian manatee

Preliminary 2021 Manatee Mortality Table by County

Photo, posted May 7, 2010, courtesy of Jim Reid/USFWS via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Right Whales And The Warming Atlantic | Earth Wise

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The warming of the Atlantic Ocean has driven the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale population from its traditional and protected habitat.  This has exposed the whales to more lethal ship collisions, increased entanglements with commercial fishing gear, and greatly reduced calving rates.

Since 2010, the calving rate has declined, and the right whale population has dropped by an estimated 26%.  Ten years ago, there were about 500 North Atlantic right whales; now there are an estimated 356.

These are some of the best studied whales in the oceans; scientists basically recognize each individual whale and when they are the victims of ship collisions or fishing entanglements, it is easy to identify which animal was killed.

Because of the warming climate, the Atlantic Meridian Overturning Circulation – an important system of surface and deep currents – has slowed down, causing the Gulf Stream to move north.  This has injected warmer and saltier water into the Gulf of Maine.  The warming Gulf of Maine has reduced the abundance of copepods, tiny crustations that are the favorite snack of right whales.   This has reduced whale calving rates and forced the whales to move north to the cooler waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

For the past 6 years, more and more right whales have been observed feeding in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where there were no protections in place to prevent ship strikes and fishing gear entanglement.  In 2017 alone, 17 right whale deaths were confirmed.

According to a recent report from Cornell University and the University of South Carolina, unless its management is improved, right whale populations will decline and potentially become extinct in the coming decades.

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Warming Atlantic forces whales into new habitats, danger

Photo, posted December 8, 2016, courtesy of Sea to Shore Alliance/NOAA via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Snakes Near A Plane | Earth Wise

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San Francisco International Airport is the seventh-busiest airport in the United States.  In a typical year, approximately 55 million people pass through SFO on their way to destinations throughout North America and beyond.

At some point during their journey to or from the terminals at SFO, each one of those people will pass by a seemingly unremarkable 180-acre parcel of land.  Surrounded by highways and train tracks, the soggy and overgrown vacant lot isn’t just home to rows of power lines.  It’s also home to the world’s largest population of the beautiful and highly endangered San Francisco garter snake.   

According to a recent study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, there are approximately 1,300 San Francisco garter snakes at SFO’s West of Bayshore property – the greatest concentration of these snakes ever recorded.

Conservationists have long known that the San Francisco garter snake was in trouble.  In fact, it landed on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s very first endangered species list, which was published in 1967.  Over the years, agricultural, commercial, and urban development have destroyed much of its wetland habitat, as well as much of its primary food source, the California red-legged frog.  The snakes have also been a popular target for poachers and collectors.

Since 2008, SFO has been working with the USFWS on a recovery strategy for the species.  Together, they’ve made enhancements to the West of Bayshore habitat, including building rainfed ponds and deepening existing wetlands.  They have also added fences to protect habitat and prevent illegal collection.

But low population counts at other locations means the recovery for the San Francisco garter snake is far from over. 

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Combining genetic and demographic monitoring better informs conservation of an endangered urban snake

A San Francisco Airport Site Is Crawling With Snakes—And That’s a Good Thing

Photo, posted April 16, 2011, courtesy of Brian Gratwicke via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Assisted Colonization | Earth Wise

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As the pace of climate change continues to quicken, many species seem to be unable to keep up and could face extinction as a result.   There is a potential strategy for people to help species reach places with more suitable physical and biological conditions.  People could carry endangered animals to habitats cut off by mountains, rivers, or human-made barriers.  They could plant endangered trees higher up mountain slopes or to locations further north.  Such actions have been termed assisted colonization.

People have been moving species around the world throughout human history for various reasons either intentionally or inadvertently.  But as a conservation strategy, assisted colonization is quite controversial.

The argument is whether the risk of moving species to more favorable conditions outweighs the risk of inaction.  The salvation of one species could mean the destruction of another.   A species that seems perfectly innocuous when moved to one place can become a rampant invader in another.

An upcoming international conference on Biological Diversity to be held this fall in China may take up the issue of creating a set of guidelines on assisted colonization.   Such guidelines would help people assess which species to focus on; where, when, and how to move them; how to weigh the risks of action and inaction; and how to conduct such actions across international borders.  Assisted colonization may be useful in some instances and not in others.  There needs to be a way for the world to decide whether it is warranted or not.  With climate change posing a growing threat to many of the world’s species, this is an issue that should be addressed.

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Amid Climate Pressures, a Call for a Plan to Move Endangered Species

Photo, posted July 16, 2014, courtesy of Mark Spangler via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Vanishing Kelp Forests | Earth Wise

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Bull kelp is the dominant species in offshore kelp forests north of Santa Cruz, California along the west coast of North America.  Bull kelp has similar physical structures to terrestrial plants; it anchors to the ocean floor with root-like structures called holdfasts, and has stem-like structures called stipes from which leaf-like blades stretch out through the water, absorbing nutrients and sunshine.

These giant seaweeds form lush underwater forests in northern California’s coastal waters and have long provided critical habitat for many species like salmon, crabs, and jellyfish.  But now, for much of the California coast, only a few patches of bull kelp remain.

A team from University of California Santa Cruz has studied satellite images of about 200 miles of coastline.  They found that starting in 2014, the area covered by kelp has dropped by more than 95%. 

The die-off was driven in part by an underwater heat wave that depleted nutrients in the water and made it harder for the kelp to grow.  Making matters much worse, populations of purple sea urchins, which eat kelp, have exploded in the region because of overfishing and other reductions in urchin predators such as sea otters.  The sea urchins eat kelp holdfasts, creating so-called urchin barrens where their destructive grazing has decimated kelp forests.

Bull kelp is a species at high risk of becoming endangered.  In coming decades, more marine heatwaves are expected.  These events as well as stronger El Niños will become more common and frequent with climate change.  Between these thermal events and the sea urchins, it will be difficult for kelp forests to survive.

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Ninety-five percent of bull kelp forests have vanished from 200-mile stretch of California coast

Photo, posted October 28, 2015, courtesy of Florian Graner/Green Fire Productions via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

What’s Been Killing Salmon? | Earth Wise

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For decades, there have been mysterious deaths of Coho salmon.  The salmon return from the Pacific Ocean each year to spawn along the West Coast.   They can be found from Alaska all the way down into California.  After heavy rain events each fall, fish have been turning up dead in huge numbers before they spawn.  Normally, less than 1% of adult Coho die before spawning. In these mass death events, anywhere from 40% to 90% of fish can perish in affected streams.  The mysterious phenomenon has been the subject of intense research for years.

Recently, scientists announced that they may have solved the mystery.  There is a chemical antioxidant known as 6PPD that is used in the manufacture of tires around the world to make them last longer.  As tire treads break down over time, they leave behind bits of microplastics on roads.  The 6PPD in the plastic bits reacts with ozone to become another chemical:  a previously unreported substance called 6PPD-quinone.

That chemical turns out to be toxic to Coho salmon.  Researchers have found the presence of 6PPD-quinone in roadway water runoff samples taken from across the West Coast.  Based on these observations, they believe it is likely that exposure to this chemical is the main cause of the Coho salmon population decline.

Coho salmon are a favorite of sport fishermen and have great cultural significance to many Native American tribes on the West Coast.  The central California Coho population is classified as endangered and three other Coho populations are listed as threatened.

Tire industry representatives call the study results “preliminary” but say the industry is deeply committed to protecting the environment.  A safe chemical substitute for 6PPD is clearly needed.

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Salmon have been dying mysteriously on the West Coast for years. Scientists think a chemical in tires may be responsible

Photo, posted November 17, 2011, courtesy of Lynn Ketchum/Oregon State University via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Marine Life Moving The Wrong Way | Earth Wise

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As the oceans have warmed in recent decades, various marine species ranging from whales to corals have begun to shift poleward in search of cooler waters.  But a new study, reported in the journal Nature Climate Change, found that many sedentary marine species – including snails, worms, and mussels – are actually being transported in the wrong direction.

What is happening is that bottom-dwelling species – also known as benthic species – in the northwest Atlantic Ocean are spawning earlier in the year because of the warmer water temperatures.  But earlier in the year is when ocean currents travel southward.  As a result, the larvae of these animals are being carried into warmer waters rather than cooler ones, threatening their survival and shrinking their ranges.  These larvae grow into adults in these warmer regions and are basically trapped there.  This creates a feedback loop where the situation for the species gets worse and worse.  Species like common sand dollars and the economically important blue mussel have had a 30 to 50% contraction of their ranges.

The result is that a number of bottom-dwelling species that previously were quite abundant have entirely disappeared from the outer shelf.

The researchers at Rutgers University likened this “wrong-way migration” of bottom-dwelling marine life to so-called elevator-to-extinction events that have been taking place in mountainous regions.  This is where species such as birds and butterflies move to higher and higher elevations to escape rising temperatures until there is nowhere else for them to go.

The essential fact that this research reveals is that species don’t necessarily move to places where the climate is congenial for them.  They may unfortunately end up migrating to even worse conditions.

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As Oceans Warm, Some Species Are Moving in the Wrong Direction

Photo, posted June 10, 2016, courtesy of James_Seattle via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Bees Threatening Bees | Earth Wise

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Domesticated honeybees are an essential part of our agricultural system, being responsible for one in every three bites of food Americans consume and contributing $15 billion a year to the value of the nation’s crop production.  Millions of bee colonies are trucked across the country every year to pollinate cranberries, melons, broccoli, blueberries, and cherries, and also to produce honey.

After the growing seasons, honeybees are trucked to various locations to rest and rebuild their population and to replenish bees lost to disease and pesticides.  Some of these locations are in national forests.  Thousands of hives belonging to 112 apiaries are currently permitted in national forests by the Department of Agriculture.  This presents a problem because these hives are being permitted on public lands with virtually no environmental review and with little consideration of the impact these colonies can have on local wild bee populations.

The 4,000 wild bee species in the U.S. consume up to 95% of local available pollen.  Nearly 40 federally listed threatened or endangered species of bees, butterflies, and flower flies depend on national forest land for their survival.  And now the pollinators in these places, which were once refuges for these species and others, increasingly face competition from millions of domesticated honeybees.

Honeybees are super-foraging machines and are literally taking the pollen out of the mouths of other bees and pollinators.  Honeybees themselves have been facing numerous problems from habitat loss, pesticides, and other stress factors.  So, what is happening is essentially a pollinator habitat crunch that carries long-term implications for the U.S. food supply.  We need to find some answers and the sooner the better.

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Will Putting Honey Bees on Public Lands Threaten Native Bees?

Photo, posted August 9, 2015, courtesy of Tak H. via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Sharks On The Decline | Earth Wise

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During the past 70 years, global shark populations have been on the decline.   Many species have become threatened or endangered.  Conservation efforts have been underway in many places, but shark populations continue to be at risk because of over-fishing and habitat loss.

A comprehensive study by marine biologists at Texas A&M University deployed more than 15,000 baited remote underwater video stations on 371 coral reefs in 58 countries.   The study included 59 different shark species in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans.  The researchers were surprised to find that no sharks at all were detected in almost 20% of the locations surveyed and were almost completely absent from coral reefs in several nations. 

Scientists believe that demand for shark products, such as fins and meat, and bycatch (that is, sharks captured in nets by fisherman trapping other kinds of fish) are strong contributors to the widespread declines in shark numbers around the world.

The study shows that if corrective steps are not taken in regions where marine management is still ineffective, continued depletion of shark populations is highly likely. 

Sharks have important roles in marine ecosystems.  When their habitats deteriorate and their populations decrease, ecosystem stability and health is degraded because sharks help regulate prey populations.

Some countries, notably the Bahamas, are combating the problem by providing sanctuaries for sharks where fishing and harvesting is prohibited.  Such places support some of the healthiest shark populations in the world.  However, the decline of coral reefs is just another challenge facing shark populations around the world.

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Study Shows Alarming Decline In Shark Numbers Around The World

Photo, posted January 9, 2017, courtesy of Kris-Mikael Krister via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

A Giant Marine Preserve | Earth Wise

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The Seychelles islands are located east of Kenya, near the equator.  Its beautiful beaches, virgin jungles, thriving coral reefs, and UNESCO-listed nature reserves are among the many attractions of the archipelago’s 115 islands.  The larger inner islands are quite developed for tourists, studded with many luxurious five-star resorts.  The natural wonders of the Seychelles are clearly its prime asset.

Given this, the Seychelles have now established 154,000 square miles of marine protected areas, fulfilling a pledge to protect nearly a third of its vast territorial waters.  This is an area twice the size of Great Britain.

About half of the newly protected areas will be “no-take zones” in which economic activity such as fishing and mining will be prohibited.  Only limited economic activities will be permitted in the other half of the protected areas.

The President of the Seychelles signed the decree establishing the marine reserve in mid-March.  The reserve will help protect the nation’s fisheries resources and safeguard a host of species including endangered sea turtles, sharks, and the Indian Ocean’s last remaining population of dugongs, which are marine mammals similar to manatees.

The funding for managing and protecting the new marine reserves will come from what is termed a debt-for-nature deal.  It is an agreement that was worked out with the help of The Nature Conservancy that allows the country to restructure nearly $22 million in foreign debt in exchange for protecting marine resources and enacting climate adaptation measures.

This major expansion of the Seychelles’ marine protected area is a major step in the conservation of the archipelago’s biodiversity.  The success of that conservation will ultimately depend upon enforcement, public-private partnerships, and innovative management.

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Seychelles Creates a Marine Reserve Twice the Size of Great Britain

Photo, posted October 22, 2017, courtesy of Falco Ermet via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Banning The Shark Fin Trade

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Shark fins are considered a delicacy in many parts of the world, especially in China.  Shark fin soup, for example, is often served at engagement parties and weddings.  But the use of shark fins has come under increasing scrutiny in recent years, especially since an estimated one-third of fins are harvested from species deemed at risk.  

Many of the fins used in shark fin soup come from a practice known as “finning,” which is an inhumane and wasteful practice where the fins are hacked from live sharks and then the sharks are thrown back into the water and left to die.  According to U.N. estimates, 73 million sharks are killed every year for their fins.

The possession, sale, and distribution of shark fins is banned in 12 U.S. states, as well as in all European Union member states.

In 1994, Canada banned the practice of finning in its own waters, but allowed the import of fins to continue.  Canada has been one of the largest markets for shark fins outside Asia, importing nearly 300,000 pounds of shark fins last year.  But in late June, Canada passed a bill that bans both the import and export of shark fins harvested by shark finning.  They are the first G7 and the first G20 country to do so. 

But shark fins taken from sharks sustainably harvested for their meat will continue to be allowed in Canada.  While demand for shark fins is decreasing globally, demand for shark meat is rising.

Since sharks still face a myriad of environmental pressures, including illegal fishing and high bycatch rates, there are concerns that this Canadian ban oversimplifies the threats facing global shark populations. 

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Canada becomes the first G20 country to ban shark fin trade

Photo, posted January 4, 2013, courtesy of Andrew Currie via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Wildlife Bridges

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Highway accidents involving animals are a big problem for both people and animals.  About 200 people die every year in the U.S. as a result of collisions with animals.  In total, one to two million large animals are killed by motorists every year.  And these crashes are expensive:  deer-car collisions cost an average of more than $8,000 each; elk-vehicle collisions about $25,000; and moose-vehicle collisions over $44,000. 

In the United States, there are 21 threatened and endangered species whose very survival is threatened by road mortalities.   These include Key deer in Florida, bighorn sheep in California, and red-bellied turtles in Alabama.

One solution that has been quite effective around the world in reducing car-animal collisions is wildlife overpasses and underpasses.  Crossings and fencing that guide animals over or under highways reduce collisions by 85-95%.

These traffic-spanning bridges and tunnels have been popular in Europe since the 1950s.  The overpasses usually look much like regular overpasses for cars but are decked out with native flora.  The underpasses, which assist shyer and smaller animals, are typically invisible to drivers.

Washington State has recently started building wildlife bridges and underpasses on Interstate 90.  These passes will allow elk, black bears, mountain lions, pika, and even trout to traverse what was once a near-impenetrable barrier of road.

Some animals that are accustomed to human structures start using the crossings almost immediately.  For others, there is learning curve.  As in many things, the early adapters are important as they provide paths and model behavior that more reticent animals learn to follow.

Wildlife bridges are a very good thing for wildlife and for people.

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Web Links

How wildlife bridges over highways make animals—and people—safer

Photo, posted July 22, 2017, courtesy of David Fulmer via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

WAMC Northeast Public Radio

WAMC/Northeast Public Radio is a regional public radio network serving parts of seven northeastern states (more...)