equipment

Restoring oil well sites with moss

June 16, 2025 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

Researchers at the University of Waterloo in Canada have developed a method for restoring peatlands at tens of thousands of oil and gas exploration sites in Western Canada.

A well pad is a prepared area used for drilling oil or gas wells, encompassing the site where drilling equipment, wellheads, and related facilities are located. Preparing well pads involves burying native peatland vegetation under clay or sand, thereby eliminating the ability of the peatland to sequester carbon as well reducing available habitat for wildlife.

Restoring well sites has typically involved planting trees or grasses to eventually establish forests or grasslands. The Waterloo method returns a well pad to its condition before drilling occurred and is part of ongoing efforts to restore peatlands, which are known to be even more effective for sequestering carbon than tropical forests.

The Waterloo technique involves lowering the surface of a decommissioned well site and transplanting native mosses onto it to effectively recreate a peatland. They tested the technique to scale at an entire well pad and found that it results in sufficient water for the growth of peatland moss across large portions of the study site.

The results suggest that re-establishment of peatland vegetation on lowered well pads is possible. The researchers plan to continue monitoring the ecosystem in the study’s well pads to confirm that the transplanted mosses will be self-sustaining over the coming decades. They will focus on increasing the amount of water that flows from surrounding natural peatlands into the converted well pads to further optimize soil moisture.

This work could represent an important milestone in ecological restoration.

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Restoring oil wells back to nature with moss

Photo, posted November 6, 2014, courtesy of Chris Boyer / Kestrel Aerial Services via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio

Tracking atmospheric mercury

May 13, 2025 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

Atmospheric mercury is a toxic pollutant released into the air from natural sources—such as volcanoes and wildfires—and from human activities like coal burning and gold mining. Once in the atmosphere, mercury can travel long distances before settling onto land or into water, transforming into toxic forms that threaten ecosystems and human health.

But tracking atmospheric mercury is a costly and challenging endeavor, requiring specialized equipment and trained personnel. Active monitors, which pump air to collect mercury, are expensive and need electricity, while passive samplers, using activated charcoal for remote areas, cost up to $100 each.

Researchers from Cornell University have found a cheap method for tracking toxic atmospheric mercury near gold mining sites throughout the Global South: wild fig trees. In the study, which was conducted in the Peruvian Amazon and recently published in the journal Frontiers in Environmental Science, the research team found that the rings in wild fig trees can serve as natural archives of atmospheric mercury, capturing and preserving historical pollution levels over time.

The technique itself is not actually new. Previous studies have used tree rings to track mercury pollution from coal combustion, particularly in Canada. But the research team wanted to test this method in regions of the Global South, where mercury emissions from gold mining are widespread.

According to the research team, wild fig trees might soon serve as an important biomonitoring tool, helping scientists better understand how mercury disperses across landscapes and through time.

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Tree rings track atmospheric mercury cheaply

Photo, posted November 13, 2012, courtesy of Steve Kessler via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio

Extreme geothermal power

November 25, 2024 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

Krafla is one of the most explosive volcanoes in Iceland, which is home to many active volcanoes, including one recently in the news near Reykjavik that hadn’t erupted for 800 years . Krafla is the site of the Krafla Magma Testbed, which may end up being for geoscientists what the Large Hadron Collider has been for particle physicists.

For over a decade, researchers have been drilling straight into the ground at Krafla to study what goes on deep beneath an active volcano. Ten years ago, they encountered an unexpected magma chamber a little over a mile down. Their equipment was destroyed but the researchers decided that they had uncovered a unique opportunity to study magma dynamics and potentially be able to tap into a significant new energy source.

The plan is to use the tremendous heat energy contained in magma to dramatically improve the production of geothermal energy. Krafla is already the site of a geothermal energy plant that makes use of the heat beneath the surface to boil water that then drives turbines to generate electricity.

Forthcoming drilling projects will make use of new equipment that can handle the harsh conditions that will be encountered in the magma chamber. The goal is to tap directly into the magma to produce superheated steam that could produce ten times more power than conventional geothermal systems. Conventional systems access temperatures around 200 to 300 degrees; the magma is at 1,800 degrees.

It will take a few years to complete the project, but if it is successful, it could have implications well beyond Iceland. There are many active volcanoes all over the world.

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Drilling into magma: Risky plan takes geothermal to supercritical extremes

Photo courtesy of Landsvirkjun.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio

A setback for New York offshore wind

May 24, 2024 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

Three major offshore wind projects in New York have been cancelled because of the unavailability of technology critical to the projects. The projects were part of NYSERDA‘s third offshore wind solicitation and were provisionally awarded last October. The projects, which totaled more than 4 GW of clean energy, were supposed to begin commercial operation in 2030.

The projects were Attentive Energy One, intended to benefit historically marginalized communities in New York City; Community Offshore Wind, a farm located 64 miles offshore that would power 500,000 homes; and Excelsior Wind, which would have powered 700,000 homes.

What happened is GE Vernova – a GE spinoff energy equipment company – decided to no longer develop its new 18 MW Haliade-X wind turbines and instead concentrate on its lower-powered models which already have ample demand. The material changes to the three projects using the turbines made them no longer viable and the developers and their partners could no longer come to terms. As a result, NYSERDA decided to not go forward with the awards.

While this represents a significant blow to the offshore wind industry and to New York’s renewable energy goals, NYSERDA said that it remains committed to advancing New York’s offshore wind industry and expects to announce new plans and additional projects in the near future.

In the bigger picture, 2023 was a record year for wind power; the world installed 117 gigawatts of new wind capacity. This year has seen the first major offshore wind farms come online in the US.

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Massive New York projects nixed as NYSERDA concludes third offshore wind solicitation

Photo, posted August 7, 2013, courtesy of Department of Energy and Climate Change via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio

Biodegradable microplastics

April 10, 2024 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

Ordinary plastics are not biodegradable, but they are also not indestructible. Plastics in the environment can break down into tiny fragments – microplastics – and those, unfortunately, are nearly indestructible. Microplastics have been documented in the oceans and in soil virtually everywhere on Earth including remote frozen wastelands and on top of high mountains. More recently, they have been found in our own arteries, lungs, and even in placentas. Microplastic pollution is a very serious problem.

There is considerable ongoing effort to develop biodegradable plastics from non-petroleum sources. There has been progress but it has not necessarily been aimed at creating bioplastics that do not create microplastic when they break down.

Researchers at the University of California San Diego have developed algae-based polymers that they have shown to degrade when composted. Recently, in work published in the journal Nature Scientific Reports, they have shown that even fine microparticles of their bioplastic are digested by microbes when placed in a compost. What remains are the starting plant materials from which the plastic was made. Products made from this sort of plastic would not only be sustainable beyond their useful lifetime but would also not represent a potential danger to human life.

Creating this eco-friendly alternative to petroleum-based plastic is only the first step toward creating a viable replacement for existing plastics. It is necessary to be able to use the new material on existing manufacturing equipment and for it to have the same mechanical and thermal properties as the materials it is replacing. But the researchers are optimistic that this could be a potential solution to an increasingly serious problem.

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Say Hello to Biodegradable Microplastics

Photo, posted January 17, 2018, courtesy of Bo Eide via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio

Cyber protection for apple orchards

April 2, 2024 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

Spring frosts represent a real danger for apple orchards. The changing climate has brought about periods of unusually warm weather at times early in the year that have caused trees and other flowering plants to bloom early. For apple growers, this has made their orchards more susceptible to the damaging effects of extreme cold events.

Apple growers attempt to prevent this damage by heating the canopies of their orchards, but these efforts tend to be inefficient. Applying heat is one of the most effective methods to prevent apple flower bud damage, but it is difficult to determine when and where to apply heat in orchards.

Researchers at Penn State University have developed a frost-protection cyber-physical system that autonomously makes heating decisions based on real-time temperature and wind-direction data. Their system includes a temperature-sensing device, a propane-fueled heater that adjusts the direction where it provides heat, and an unmanned ground vehicle that moves the system through an apple orchard.

The results of tests of the system were published in the journal Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, and the findings show that it greatly reduced damage to apple tree buds in tests conducted at low temperatures, doubling or tripling the amount of time that trees were protected.

The equipment used for the study mostly consisted of off-the-shelf parts and cost about $5,000, most of which was for the vehicle. The researchers envision that even a very large orchard could be protected by multiple units guided by an aerial drone monitoring canopy temperatures. Further research will aim to bring the technology to point where it can enter the marketplace and be available to apple growers.

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Cyber-physical heating system may protect apple blossoms in orchards

Photo, posted September 6, 2017, courtesy of Sue Thompson via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio

Storing Energy In Abandoned Mines | Earth Wise

October 10, 2023 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

An international study led by researchers from Austria has developed a novel way to store energy by transporting sand into abandoned underground mines. The technique is called Underground Gravity Energy Storage or UGES.

As the world deploys growing amounts of wind and solar energy, it is increasingly important to find ways to accessibly and efficiently store that energy to eliminate the inherent variability of the generation. There are many ways to store energy on a short-term basis – most commonly in batteries – but cost-effective long-term storage is still in its early stages.

The UGES technique generates electricity by lowering sand into an underground mine thereby converting the potential energy of the sand into electricity by the same regenerative braking effect used in hybrid and electric cars. The lowering sand operates a generator. Storing energy is accomplished by lifting the sand from the mine with electric motors to an upper reservoir where it is ready for the next cycle. By its nature, this storage technique has an indefinite duration, unlike batteries, for example, which lose energy to self-discharge.

The main components of UGES are the mineshaft, motor/generator, sand storage sites, and mining equipment. The deeper and broader the mineshaft, the more power can be extracted from the plant, and the larger the mine, the more energy can be stored. Mines generally already have the basic infrastructure needed and are connected to the power grid. The researchers estimate that there is global potential of 7 to 70 TWh of storage. Total global generating capacity is currently at the lower end of that range.

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Turning abandoned mines into batteries

Photo, posted October 21, 2020, courtesy of Christine Warner-Morin via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio

Solar Power At Night | Earth Wise

March 16, 2023 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

The use of solar power has grown tremendously in recent years as it has declined in price and become far more competitive with other forms of electricity generation. Its fundamental drawback, of course, is that it only works when the sun is shining. Solar panels don’t produce any power at night. That is, until now, apparently.

A team of engineers at Stanford University have developed a new kind of solar cell that is capable of generating at least some electricity at night. Published in the journal Applied Physics Letters, the research describes a device that can be a continuous renewable power source for both day and nighttime.

The device incorporates a thermoelectric generator that produces electricity from the small difference in temperature between the ambient air and the solar cell itself. The amount of power produced is far less than the solar cell generates from sunlight, but the device can provide nighttime standby lighting and power in off-grid and mini-grid applications.

Mini-grid applications are independent electricity networks that are used for small populations that may be too isolated to be connected to the main power grid. Nearly 600 million people in Africa currently live without access to electricity, primarily in rural areas. A standalone solar system operating independently of any power grid can meet many electricity needs such as phone charging and lighting, but such systems may not be able to handle large electrical need such as powering machinery and agricultural equipment. Mini-grids are larger installations that can provide power to a small rural community.

With innovations like the new Stanford device, a solar mini-grid may be able to keep running at some level even at night.

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Solar panels that can generate electricity at night have been developed at Stanford

Photo, posted December 15, 2021, courtesy of Pete via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio

A Vaccine For Bees | Earth Wise

February 27, 2023 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

The US has seen annual reductions in honey bee colonies since 2006. According to the USDA, there are many factors that have contributed to the decline. These include parasites, pests, insecticides, disease, and a phenomenon called Colony Collapse Disorder in which worker bees abandon a hive and leave behind the queen.

One of major threats to bee colonies is American foulbrood disease, which is a bacterial condition that attacks bee larvae. It is highly contagious and has no cure. Until now, the only treatment method required burning the colony of infected bees along with the hives and equipment and treating nearby bee colonies with antibiotics.

Recently, the USDA has approved a conditional license for the world’s first vaccine for honey bees. The vaccine contains inactive bacteria of the type that causes American foulbrood disease.

The vaccine is incorporated into the royal jelly fed by worker bees to the queen bee. The queen ingests the feed and keeps some of vaccine in her ovaries. This gives bee larvae immunity to the disease as they hatch and thereby reduces death from the illness.

According to the California State Beekeepers Association, the new vaccine could be a major breakthrough for protecting bees. Preventing the infection in hives could avoid costly, destructive measures and allow the beekeepers to focus on other important elements of keeping bees healthy.

Bees as pollinators play a critical role in many ecosystems. For humankind, pollinators such as bees, birds, and bats are responsible for about a third of the world’s crop production.

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US approves world’s first vaccine for declining honey bees

Photo, posted June 6, 2022, courtesy of Bernd Thaller via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio

A Cheap Material For Carbon Capture | Earth Wise

September 12, 2022 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

The recently passed Inflation Reduction Act includes significant support for carbon capture technologies. Eliminating fossil fuel burning is essential for halting climate change, but in the interim, methods for capturing emissions of carbon dioxide and either storing it or turning it into usable products are increasingly necessary.

There are a variety of techniques being developed for carbon capture but at this point, none of them are commercially viable. The best technique in use today involves piping flue gases through chemicals called liquid amines, which bind CO2. The process requires large amounts of energy to release the bound carbon dioxide so it can be concentrated and stored. As a result, it is complicated and expensive.

Researchers at UC Berkeley, Stanford, and Texas A&M University have developed a carbon capture method using melamine, which is an inexpensive polymer used to make Formica, as well as low-cost dinnerware, industrial coatings, and other plastics. Porous melamine itself adsorbs CO2 to a limited extent. But the researchers discovered that adsorption could be much improved by adding the chemical DETA (diethylenetriamine) to bind the CO2. In addition, adding cyanuric acid increased the melamine pore size and radically improved CO2 capture efficiency even more.

The result is a material that is more efficient even than exotic carbon capture materials like metalorganic frameworks and is much cheaper and easier to make. The researchers aim to design equipment that can used in industrial facilities, attached to buildings and other structures, or even to the tailpipes of gas-powered vehicles.

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A simple, cheap material for carbon capture, perhaps from tailpipes

Photo, posted June 10, 2006, courtesy of Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Animals And Wildfires | Earth Wise

December 8, 2021 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

More than a century of fire suppression strategies coupled with climate change has led to wildfires that are much larger and more frequent than those of the past. A question that arises is what happens to the animals in a region when a massive wildfire sweeps through the landscape?

For the most part, we don’t have much information on what animals do when the flames are burning or in the immediate days after the fire has ended. By chance, a group of researchers from the University of California, Berkeley, the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the University of Washington had the opportunity to get that kind of information.

The researchers had been studying a group of black-tailed deer where the 2018 Mendocino Complex Fire occurred. That megafire torched more than 450,000 acres in Northern California, including the site where the researchers were studying the movements and feeding patterns of the deer.

The researchers had to evacuate the area during the fire, but their cameras, tracking collars, and other equipment continued to function. They learned that of the 18 deer studied, all survived. Deer that had to flee the flames returned home, even though many areas were completely burned and devoid of vegetation to eat. In fact, most of the deer returned within hours of the fire’s end while trees were still smoldering. The researchers continue to monitor the deer to look at the long-term effects of the fire.

The researchers speculate that loyalty to home is a tactic that likely helped the species survive past wildfires. Smaller fires encourage new vegetation growth, a tasty treat for deer. Whether the strategy will pay off as fires get more intense and more frequent remains to be seen.

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After California’s 3rd-largest wildfire, deer returned home while trees were ‘still smoldering’

Photo, posted July 17, 2017, courtesy of C Watts via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Bitcoin And Energy Use | Earth Wise

October 6, 2021 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

In recent years we’ve heard more and more about cryptocurrencies. They are digital currencies managed by a decentralized network of users. No country, person, or other entity controls the value of a cryptocurrency. Some people think that they will ultimately replace traditional currencies.

The eventual status of cryptocurrencies can be debated endlessly but there is one thing that is certain: in the process of simply existing as they do today, cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin consume astonishing amounts of electricity.

Bitcoin, the most popular cryptocurrency, uses about half a percent of all the electricity consumed in the world. The process of creating Bitcoin consumes over 90 terawatt-hours of electricity annually, which is more than the entire country of Finland with its 5.5 million people. Where does all the energy go?

The answer is something called Bitcoin mining. It is the process by which new Bitcoins are created. It is something like playing a lottery. Miners effectively have to guess an extremely long number called the “target hash” in order to be awarded Bitcoins. There is no magic formula to finding the answer. It isn’t really advanced math; it is brute force searching among trillions of possibilities. Specialized computer equipment is designed to make as many guesses as possible as quickly as possible. The faster the electronic circuits and the more of them there are, the better the chances are of beating out other miners to win the mining lottery. As a result, the amount of power-hungry computing equipment dedicated across the globe to mining Bitcoins has mushroomed.

Whether it pays to be a Bitcoin miner is increasingly difficult, but those that are doing it are consuming extraordinary amounts of energy in the effort to make a few more digital bucks.

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Bitcoin Uses More Electricity Than Many Countries. How Is That Possible?

Photo, posted February 14, 2018, courtesy of Stock Catalog via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Reduced Air Travel And Weather Forecasts | Earth Wise

December 16, 2020 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

There have been countless stories about the major and minor changes in the world caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. A few of those changes, such as reductions in pollution and traffic, have been positive. Most have been decidedly negative.

One of the stranger things that has happened is that the pandemic has affected the quality of weather forecasting by sharply reducing the amount of atmospheric data routinely collected by commercial airliners.

It turns out that atmospheric observations from passenger and cargo flights are among the most important data used in weather forecasting models. These observations are made by instruments aboard thousands of airliners, mostly based in North America and Europe. The observation program has been in place for decades. The data is transmitted in real time to forecasting organizations around the world, including the National Weather Service. About 40 airlines participate in the program, which has equipment aboard about 3,500 aircraft. Here in the US, Delta, United, American, and Southwest Airlines participate, as do UPS and FedEx.

During the first few months of the pandemic, air traffic declined by 75% or more worldwide. As a result, atmospheric observations dropped by the same percentage. A government research study showed that when weather forecasting models receive less data on temperature, wind, and humidity from aircraft, the accuracy of forecasts was reduced.

The amount of data from aircraft has increased in recent months as air travel has picked up to roughly 50% of pre-pandemic levels. So, the observation program is on the mend. Nonetheless, impaired weather forecasting is just another unexpected result of the global pandemic.

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Slump in Air Travel Hindered Weather Forecasting, Study Shows

Photo, posted July 15, 2017, courtesy of Daria Nepriakhina via Flickr. Photo by Photo by Daria / epicantus.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

The Largest Turbines In The Largest Offshore Wind Farm | Earth Wise

November 11, 2020 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

The world’s largest planned offshore wind farm is going to make use of the world’s largest installed offshore wind turbines. The Dogger Bank Wind Farm in the North Sea off the Yorkshire coast of England will ultimately generate electricity for more than 4.5 million homes in the United Kingdom.

The 3.6 GW project will cost $10 billion and will be developed in three phases, the first two of which will use 13-MW wind turbines built by General Electric. The turbine’s blades measure 351 feet – longer than a soccer field. The turbines stand more than 850 feet tall, which is five times the size of the Arc de Triomphe. GE claims that a single rotation of one of these huge turbines can supply enough electricity to power the average British household for two days. When the project is completed in 2026, it will generate 5% of the United Kingdom’s electricity.

The previous version of GE’s Haliade-X turbines, rated at 12 MW, were ordered by the energy company Orsted for installation in two forthcoming U.S. windfarm: the Skipjack Farm off the coast of Maryland, and the Ocean Wind farm off the coast of New Jersey. The new version will be the largest turbines to reach operation in a commercial project. Meanwhile, Siemens Gamesa has a 14 MW turbine under development.

The order for 190 of the 13 MW giant turbines for the Dogger Bank farm arrived at GE on the same day that the company announced that it will no longer supply power equipment to new coal plants. Work on the Dogger Bank project started in January in an area of the North Sea that was previously dominated by oil and gas development.

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World’s Biggest Offshore Wind Farm Will Boast World’s Largest Installed Turbines

Photo, posted February 22, 2014, courtesy of Jonny Longrigg via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Bioacoustics

December 5, 2019 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

Researchers are increasingly placing microphones in forests and other ecosystems to monitor birds, insects, frogs, and other animals. Advances in technology are enabling the wide-spread use of bioacoustics as an important research tool.

Studying animals in their natural habitat Is often a difficult task. For one thing, many animals are difficult to find, and the presence of humans disrupts their behavior or even drives them off. Remote cameras are useful, but cameras can only see what is in front of them and aren’t much use for detecting small animals, hidden animals, or ones high up in trees.

Biologists have long recognized the value of recording sound to identify animals and learn about their havior. Animal sounds can be as definitive a means of identification as visual images and microphones can pick up the sounds from animals located anywhere within their detection range.

The two advances in technology that are turning bioacoustics into a widely used tool are a steep drop in the price of recording equipment and the rapidly expanding capabilities of user-friendly artificial intelligence algorithms.

Autonomous environmental audio recorders tended to cost between $500 and $1000 until quite recently. Now, such equipment can be had for as little as $70.

The other big challenge is analyzing audio data. Finding specific animal sounds among hundreds of hours of recordings is an untenably tedious task. Identifying the characteristic sounds of specific species in crowded environments is a tricky business. But neural network-based artificial intelligence technology is making such big data analysis quite practical and, remarkably, it is becoming quite user-friendly.

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Listening to Nature: The Emerging Field of Bioacoustics

Photo, posted January 28, 2013, courtesy of Felix Uribe via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

The U.S. Military And Climate Change

July 9, 2019 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

According to new research by scientists from Durham University and Lancaster University, the United States military is one of the largest climate polluters. The U.S. military consumes more liquid fuels and emits more greenhouse gases than most countries.

The study, published in Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, finds that if the U.S. military were a country, it would be the 47^th largest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world, falling between Peru and Portugal. And this only takes into account the emissions from its liquid fuel consumption. For this study, the U.S. military’s 2015 consumption was compared with the 2014 World Bank country liquid fuel consumption.

In 2017, the U.S. military purchased more than 269,000 barrels of oil a day, emitting more than 25,000 kt- CO2e by burning those fuels. The Air Force accounted for $4.9 billion worth of this fuel, followed by the Navy at $2.8 billion, the Army at $947 million, and the Marines at $36 million.

The Air Force and the Navy are not only the U.S. military’s largest purchasers of fuel, they also use the most polluting types of fuel. The Air Force is the largest emitter of greenhouse gases at more than 13,000 kt CO2e, nearly double that of the Navy’s 7,800 kt CO2e.

Despite this study’s findings and a general uptick in awareness, it’s unlikely that the U.S. military’s dependence on fossil fuels will change. That’s because the military continues to pursue open-ended operations around the globe, and the lifecycle of its existing military equipment insures dependence on hydrocarbons for many years to come.

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