toxicity

Relocating native plants

May 2, 2025 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

Climate change is endangering many native plant species. As the climate warms, many species will need to establish themselves in new places that are more hospitable than their historic ranges. But many native plants in the U.S. cannot move themselves by natural forces quickly enough to avoid climate-change driven extinction. For such plants to survive into the future, they will need human help to move into adjacent areas, a process called “managed relocation.”

Such a process has its problems. There is no guarantee that a plant will thrive in a new area. On the other hand, relocating plant species historically has often had disastrous consequences. Consider, for example, the story of kudzu in the American south.

Researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst have studied this problem in detail and reported the results in the journal Global Change Biology.

The issue is how to help plants move successfully without their causing harm in their new locations. The study found that some plant traits can lead to success and some to ecological disaster. In some cases, the same traits that help plants to establish themselves in a new location make them powerful invasive species. Traits like having a large size predispose a plant to not only establish itself but spread wildly.

The study recommends that people managing relocation need to focus on plants whose traits they have determined to be conducive to successful relocation but more unlikely to cause harm in their new environment.

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If Native Plants Are Going to Survive Climate Change, They Need Our Help to Move—Here’s How to Do It Safely

Photo, posted August 17, 2012, courtesy of Joshua Mayer via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio

Pesticides and beeswax

December 25, 2023 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

Honey bee colonies in the United States have experienced annual population declines since 2006. Commercial beekeepers have reported honey bee colony loss rates averaging 30% each winter, which is startling when compared to historical loss rates of just 10-15%. According to the USDA, there are many factors contributing to this decline, including parasites, pests, diseases, pesticides, and a phenomenon called Colony Collapse Disorder, in which worker bees abandon a hive and leave behind the queen.

According to a new study by researchers from Cornell University, beeswax in managed honey bee hives contains a variety of pesticide, herbicide, and fungicide residues. Because bees reuse wax over years, these harmful chemicals can accumulate inside hives, exposing current and future generations of bees to long-term toxicity.

The study, which was recently published in the Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, adds that humans may also be exposed to these pesticides through contaminated honey, pollen, and beeswax (which is used in certain soaps, lotions, and cosmetics). However, the amounts in these products are unlikely to pose a major threat to human health.

Pesticides get into the beeswax when bees feast on the nectar and pollen of plants that have been treated with the chemicals. According to the researchers, understanding which contaminants are impacting domestic honey bee populations could help better protect them and other pollinators, including birds, bats, wild bees, and other insects.

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Pesticides detected in beeswax

Photo, posted November 22, 2008, courtesy of Andrew Rivett via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio

Pollution From Tires | Earth Wise

October 16, 2023 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

A few years ago, researchers investigating massive deaths of coho salmon in West Coast streams discovered that the water contained particles from vehicle tires. The cause of the fish mortality turned out to be a chemical called 6PPD that is added to tires to prevent cracking and degradation. The mystery was solved, but so far, the chemical continues to be used by all major tire manufacturers and is found on roads and in waterways around the world.

Worse still, the acute toxicity of 6PPD and the chemicals that it transforms into when exposed to ground-level ozone is only the tip of the tire pollution iceberg. Tire rubber contains more than 400 chemicals and compounds, many of which are carcinogenic.

About 2 billion tires are sold across the globe each year and that number is expected to reach 3.4 billion by 2030. Tires are made from about 20% natural rubber and 24% synthetic rubber, which requires about 4 gallons of petroleum per tire. Hundreds of other ingredients – including steel, fillers, heavy metals like copper, cadmium, lead, and zinc – make up the rest.

Tire wear particles are emitted continually as vehicles travel. They range in size from visible pieces of rubber or plastic to microparticles. Research has shown that a car’s four tires collectively emit half a trillion ultrafine particles per mile driven. These particles are small enough to be breathed into the lungs and can travel throughout the body and even cross the blood-brain barrier. Particle pollution from tires exceeds that from tailpipes.

Tire pollution is a huge problem that is just starting to receive the attention it deserves.

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Road Hazard: Evidence Mounts on Toxic Pollution from Tires

Photo, posted June 22, 2018, courtesy of Tony Webster via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio

Paper Cups Are Not So Great | Earth Wise

October 4, 2023 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

The environmental cost of plastic waste is a highly visible global issue. The response has been a growing effort to replace plastic items with alternative materials. One very visible change of this sort has been the replacement of plastic cups with paper cups at coffee shops. But a new study at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden has found that this solution has problems of its own.

Researchers studied the effects of disposable cups in the environment on the larvae of the butterfly mosquito. They placed disposable cups made from different materials in wet sediment and water for a few days and observed how the chemicals leached from the cups affected the growth of the larvae. It turned out that all of the different kinds of cups had negative effects. The concern is not specifically about mosquito larvae; it is the fact that more environmentally friendly drinking cups are still potentially harmful to living things.

Paper is neither fat nor water resistant, so paper cups need to be treated with a surface coating. The most common coating is polylactide, which is a type of bioplastic. It is generally considered to be biodegradable, but the study shows that it can still be toxic. Bioplastics still contain many different chemicals and the potential toxicity of each of them is not well known.

The UN is trying to develop a binding agreement by the world’s countries to end the spread of plastics in society and nature. For such an agreement to be effective, the plastics industry will need to clearly report what chemicals all products contain, including such mostly invisible products as the coating on paper drinking cups.

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Paper cups are just as toxic as plastic cups

Photo, posted October 23, 2016, courtesy of Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio

Aluminum And Deodorants | Earth Wise

October 2, 2020 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

Aluminum is the third most common element in the earth’s crust. That element and its compounds are contained in numerous foods and products intended for consumers. Aluminum can occur naturally in certain foods and it can be a part of food additives. Apart from that, it is also possible for aluminum to transfer to food from packaging and tableware. We also can take in aluminum from cosmetic products like whitening toothpaste, lipsticks, particles in sunscreens, and in the form of aluminum chlorohydrate in antiperspirants.

The concern about aluminum intake is related to its effects on the nervous system, on the mental and motor development of children, and upon possible negative effects on the kidneys and bones. When aluminum is ingested via food, its toxicity is low and for healthy people, the kidneys do a good job of excreting it. However, people with chronic kidney disease may not be able to get rid of aluminum as readily and it can accumulate in the body.

Six years ago, a study looked at the amount of aluminum absorbed through the skin from the use of antiperspirants, but the data at that time was considered to be unreliable and a need for further research was identified.

Recently, the results of two new studies have been published by a German research institute that quantifies the absorption of aluminum salts through the skin. The results were that significantly less aluminum is absorbed through the skin than previously calculated and that a significant absorption of aluminum from antiperspirants is unlikely.

The total burden of aluminum from all sources can be high among some population groups, but it appears that use of aluminum-containing antiperspirants is not an important contribution to that burden.

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Aluminium in antiperspirants: Low contribution to the total intake of aluminium in humans

Photo courtesy of NutritionFacts.org.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Safer Ways To Be Blue | Earth Wise

May 5, 2020 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

Creating blue fabric has always been desirable for people. It has never been easy, but the original way to do it – by using indigo from plants – has been around for 6,000 years. Natural indigo is a rare commodity, often referred to as blue gold. In the 19th century, synthetic indigo was developed and ultimately replaced the natural substance.

Synthetic indigo dye is not an environmentally friendly substance. In order to get it to adhere to fabrics, substances called mordants are required. These are commonly made from metals like chromium and aluminum, are generally toxic, and kill off plants exposed to factory wastewater, destroy ecosystems, and poison drinking water. The dye itself is slow to decompose and is bad for the environment.

Recently, an organic chemist in Brazil named Erick Bastos has figured out a new way to produce blue dye using, of all things, a pigment from beets. By extracting the pigment and tweaking its molecular pattern, he has managed to transform the red color of the pigment to a brilliant blue.

Beet roots contain pigments called betalains and just a tiny amount of beetroot juice can render a lot of dye. By mixing these pigments with a couple of ingredients, a chemical reaction occurred, and the color transformed from red, to yellow, then green, and finally blue.

Testing so far on human liver cells, retinal cells, and developing zebrafish has revealed no toxicity. The results suggest that the new dye – dubbed BeetBlue – is safe. Further testing is needed to know if it is truly safe and whether it will last in the wash. Meanwhile, Professor Bastos is not patenting the dye and hopes it will provide a better way to be blue.

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How Do You Make a Less Toxic Blue Dye? Start With Red Beets

Photo, posted November 7, 2005, courtesy of Lain Buchanan via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Pesticides In The Great Barrier Reef

November 7, 2019 By EarthWise Leave a Comment

Australia’s Great Barrier Reef is one of the greatest natural wonders in the world and it has been under siege by warming waters and ocean acidification. Widespread coral bleaching has damaged or destroyed large portions of the 1,400-mile long coral reef system. But the effects of climate change are not the only threat to the reef. Pesticides found in waterways that flow into the Great Barrier Reef are another serious problem.

According to a new study by the University of Queensland, the combined toxicity of 22 of the most common pesticides that flow into the Reef are not meeting pollution reduction targets.

Different pesticides affect different organisms. Herbicides affect organisms that photosynthesize such as seagrass, corals, mangroves, and algae. Insecticides affect insect larvae in freshwater, and crustaceans such as crabs, prawns, and lobsters. Previous assessments have only examined individual pesticides and only for limited times. The new study has utilized a methodology that estimates the combined toxicity of multiple pesticides found in the waterways that discharge into the Reef and does it for the entire wet season.

The research revealed that the pesticide reduction target set in the Australian Government’s Reef 2050 Water Quality Improvement Plan is not being met. Only one natural resource management region – the Cape York region – was found to be meeting its target.

By having estimates of the risk posed by pesticides in the various regions and individual waterways, governments, farmers, and conservationists can see which areas pose the greatest risk and where to maximize efforts. Stakeholders have to come together to reduce pesticide concentrations through better management practices and by using less toxic pesticides.

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High pesticide concentrations continue to enter Great Barrier Reef

Photo, posted July 29, 2010, courtesy of Kyle Taylor via Flickr.

Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio.

Less Sulfur In The Soil

June 9, 2016 By WAMC WEB

Acid rain is rain containing high levels of nitric and sulfuric acids. The main culprit for it is the burning of fossil fuels, particularly coal-burning power plants. The most serious effect of acid rain is the creation of toxicity in lakes, wetlands and other aquatic environments, doing great harm to a wide range of aquatic animals.