Once in a while, one will hear the argument that volcanoes are to blame for rising carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere. There are several reasons why this can’t be the case.
Fossil fuel emissions are easy to track using economic statistics. We know fairly precisely how much oil, natural gas, and coal are traded annually and that combustion of these sources emits about 10 billion metric tons of carbon each year. A few brave souls have measured carbon emissions from active volcanoes. They amount to less than one percent of fossil fuel emissions.
One might argue that it’s not ongoing volcanic emissions that matter, but rather the emissions from large eruptions that occur sporadically and are difficult to measure. If these were a significant carbon source, eruptions would cause a “blip” in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. There are no such blips in the record, only a steady annual increase from fossil fuel emissions since 1957.
There is also a subtle characteristic of atmospheric carbon dioxide that can allows us to dismiss volcanoes as a significant source. Carbon in carbon dioxide comes in two isotopic forms. Carbon-12 is the most abundant; a smaller fraction, called Carbon-13, has an extra neutron. Carbon dioxide from volcanoes shows no special proportion of these two forms. Carbon dioxide from fossil fuels is depleted in Carbon-13.
Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, rising carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere has been associated with a slow decline in Carbon-13. This is consistent with fossil fuel origins. If volcanoes were the main source of rising carbon dioxide, we would not see this Carbon-13 trend.
The verdict is clear: we can’t pin the blame on volcanoes. Our fossil fuel dependence is driving climate change.
**********
–This segment was adapted from an essay by Dr. William H. Schlesinger. You can read the original piece on his blog Citizen Scientist here.
.
Web Links
Chiodini, G. 2011. First 13C/12C characterization of volcanic plume CO2. Bulletin of Volcanology 73: 531-542.
Morner, N.A. and G. Etiope. 2002. Carbon degassing from the lithosphere. Global and Planetary Change 33: 185-203
Photo, posted September 4, 2014, courtesy of PeterHartree via Flickr.
.
Earth Wise is a production of WAMC Northeast Public Radio, with script contribution from the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies.